Medical implant delivery system and related methods

ABSTRACT

A fastener delivery tool may comprise a sheath assembly having at least one position retention member proximate a distal end of the sheath assembly, and a handle assembly coupled to a proximal end of the sheath assembly, the handle assembly comprising a housing, a trigger handle, and an insert connector. An external force applied to the trigger handle may cause displacement of the trigger handle relative to a rest position, and displacement of the trigger handle from the rest position within a first displacement range may impart a first amount of force on the insert connector relative to the applied external force and displacement of the trigger handle from the rest position within a second displacement range may impart a second amount of force on the insert connector relative to the applied external force, with the first amount of force being greater than the second amount of force.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/879,650 filed Aug. 2, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/863,416, filed Apr. 30, 2020, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/931,423 filed onNov. 3, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/074,982 filed on Nov. 4, 2014, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference. This application is alsorelated to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/075,026 filedon Nov. 4, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure pertains generally, but not by way of limitation,to medical devices, and methods for using medical devices. Moreparticularly, the present disclosure pertains to devices for introducingand positioning implants within patients, and methods for using suchdevices.

BACKGROUND

With its complexity, range of motion and extensive use, a common softtissue injury is damage to the rotator cuff or rotator cuff tendons.Damage to the rotator cuff is a potentially serious medical conditionthat may occur during hyperextension, from an acute traumatic tear orfrom overuse of the joint. Adequate procedures do not exist forrepairing a partial thickness tear of less than 50% in the supraspinatustendon. Current procedures attempt to alleviate impingement or make roomfor movement of the tendon to prevent further damage and relievediscomfort but do not repair or strengthen the tendon. Use of the stilldamaged tendon can lead to further damage or injury. There is an ongoingneed to deliver and adequately position medical implants during anarthroscopic procedure in order to treat injuries to the rotator cuff,rotator cuff tendons, or other soft tissue or tendon injuries throughouta body.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The disclosure describes various medical devices and methods for usingmedical devices to assist in delivering and positioning implants withina body. In a first example, a fastener delivery tool comprises a sheathassembly having at least one position retention member proximate adistal end of the sheath assembly, and a handle assembly coupled to aproximal end of the sheath assembly, the handle assembly comprising ahousing, a trigger handle, and an insert connector, wherein an externalforce applied to the trigger handle in a proximal direction causesdisplacement of the trigger handle relative to a rest position, whereindisplacement of the trigger handle from the rest position within a firstdisplacement range imparts a first amount of force on the insertconnector relative to the applied external force and displacement of thetrigger handle from the rest position within a second displacement rangeimparts a second amount of force on the insert connector relative to theapplied external force, and wherein the first amount of force is greaterthan the second amount of force.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the fastener deliveryfurther comprises a cam follower connected to the insert connector, andwherein the trigger handle imparts force on the insert connector throughthe cam follower when the trigger handle is displaced from the restposition.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the cam followercomprises a flat portion and a protrusion.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, within the firstdisplacement range, the cam follower protrusion contacts the triggerhandle.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, within the seconddisplacement range, the cam follower flat portion contacts the triggerhandle.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the first amount offorce is between two times and six times the applied external force.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the first amount offorce is four times the applied external force.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the second amount offorce is between one and four times the applied external force.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the firstdisplacement range is greater than the second displacement range.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the fastener deliverytool further comprises a spring connected to the housing and the triggerhandle, wherein the spring biases the trigger handle to the restposition.

In another example, a fastener delivery tool comprises a sheath assemblycomprising a lumen and configured to receive one or more inserts atleast partially within the lumen, and a handle assembly connected to thesheath assembly, the handle assembly comprising a trigger handle,wherein, when an insert is received within the sheath assembly, movementof the trigger handle relative to a rest position within a firstmovement range imparts a first amount of force on the received insert,and wherein movement of the trigger handle relative to the rest positionwithin second movement range imparts a second amount of force on thereceived insert, wherein the first amount of force is greater than thesecond amount of force.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the first movementrange and the second movement range do not overlap.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the first movementrange is greater than the second movement range.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the first amount offorce is between two times and five times the second amount of force.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the first amount offorce is three times the second amount of force.

In yet another example, a method for deploying a fastener into bonecomprises positioning a position retention sleeve proximate the bone,the position retention sleeve having one or more position retentionmembers proximate a distal end of the position retention sleeve, andwherein the position retention sleeve is coupled to a handle assembly,the handle assembly comprising a trigger handle, inserting a pilot holeforming assembly into a lumen of the position retention sleeve, thepilot hole forming assembly having one or more pilot hole formingmembers proximate a distal end of the pilot hole forming assembly,driving the one or more pilot hole forming members and the one or moreposition retention members into the bone, applying force to the triggerhandle to remove the pilot hole forming assembly from the lumen of theposition retention sleeve while retaining the one or more positionretention members in the bone, wherein the trigger handle imparts theapplied force to the pilot hole forming assembly with a first forcemultiplier in a first stage and with a second force multiplier in asecond stage, wherein the first force multiplier is greater than thesecond force multiplier,

-   -   inserting a staple delivery device into the lumen of the        position retention of sleeve, and deploying a staple into the        bone.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the first stagecomprises a first range of displacements of the trigger handle from arest position, wherein the second stage comprises a second range ofdisplacements of the trigger handle from the rest position, and whereinthe first range of displacements is greater than the second range ofdisplacements.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, when the pilot holeforming assembly is received within the position retention sleeve, theone or more pilot hole forming members extend distal of the one or moreposition retention members a first amount, wherein after the one or morepilot hole forming members have been driven into the bone, the one ormore pilot hole forming members extend distal of the one or moreposition retention members a second amount, and wherein the secondamount is greater than the first amount.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the first amount isbetween 0.05 inches and 0.35 inches.

Alternatively or additionally, in another example, the second amount isbetween 0.40 inches and 0.65 inches.

The above summary of some examples is not intended to describe eachdisclosed example device, component, or method or every implementationof the present disclosure. The Brief Description of the Drawings, andDetailed Description, which follow, more particularly exemplify theseexamples, but are also intended as exemplary and not limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating an exemplary tissue fasteneror staple in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a an alternative perspective view of the tissue fastener orstaple of FIG. 1 illustrating other features in accordance with thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the tissue fastener or staple of FIG. 1illustrating the laterally extending legs having lumens for receivingthe stakes of a delivery device of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a front plan view of the tissue fastener or staple of FIG. 1illustrating in phantom flexing of the barbs and legs of the staple inresponse to grasping of tissue in one example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a stylized anterior view of a shoulder including a humerus anda scapula;

FIG. 6 is a stylized anterior view of a shoulder depicting the head ofthe humerus shown mating with the glenoid fossa of the scapula at aglenohumeral joint and a sheet-like material is affixed to the tendon;

FIG. 7 is a stylized perspective view showing a portion of the body of ahuman patient divided into quadrants by planes for descriptive purposesherein;

FIG. 8 is a stylized perspective view illustrating an exemplaryprocedure for arthroscopic treatment of a shoulder of a patient inaccordance with one example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 is a stylized perspective view of a shoulder including asupraspinatus having a distal tendon with a sheet-like material affixedthereto;

FIG. 10A is a perspective view illustrating an example fastener deliverydevice in accordance with one example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10B is a front plan view illustrating an example fastener deliverydevice in accordance with one example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 is an exploded view illustrating an example fastener deliverydevice in accordance with one example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 is a cross section view illustrating internal components of anexample fastener delivery device in accordance with one example of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 13 is a schematic view illustrating internal components of anexample fastener delivery device in accordance with one example of thepresent disclosure;

FIGS. 14-17 are schematic illustrations depicting the positions ofselect internal components of an example fastener delivery device inaccordance with one example of the present disclosure as force isapplied to the trigger handle of the device;

FIG. 18 is a schematic illustration depicting an example retentionmember sheath insert in accordance with one example of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 19 is a schematic illustration depicting a proximal portion of anexample fastener delivery device in accordance with one example of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 20 is a schematic illustration depicting a proximal portion of anexample fastener delivery device in accordance with one example of thepresent disclosure and a proximal head of an example insert when theinsert is received within a sheath of the example fastener deliverydevice;

FIG. 21 is a schematic illustration depicting a distal portion of anexample retention member sheath insert in accordance with one example ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 22 is a schematic illustration depicting position retention membersof an example fastener delivery device in accordance with one example ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 23 is a schematic illustration depicting an example pilot holeforming insert in accordance with one example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 24 is a cross section view depicting an example fastener deliverydevice in accordance with one example of the present disclosurepositioned at an implant site;

FIG. 25 is a schematic illustration depicting a proximal portion of anexample fastener delivery device in accordance with one example of thepresent disclosure and a proximal head of an example insert when theinsert is received within a sheath of the example fastener deliverydevice and after force has been applied to the proximal head to move theexample insert in the distal direction;

FIG. 26 is a cross section view depicting an example fastener deliverydevice in accordance with one example of the present disclosurepositioned at an implant site after pilot hole forming members have beendriven into tissue at the implant site;

FIG. 27 is a cross section view depicting an example fastener deliverydevice in accordance with one example of the present disclosurepositioned at an implant site after pilot hole forming members have beendriven into and removed from tissue at the implant site;

FIG. 28 is a schematic illustration depicting an example staple deliveryinsert in accordance with one example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 29 is a schematic illustration of a distal portion of an examplestaple delivery insert in accordance with one example of the presentdisclosure; and

FIG. 30 is a cross section view depicting an example fastener deliverydevice in accordance with one example of the present disclosurepositioned at an implant site after an example fastener has beendeployed into pilot holes formed in tissue at the implant site.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description should be read with reference to the drawings,which are not necessarily to scale, wherein like reference numeralsindicate like elements throughout the several views. The detaileddescription and drawings are intended to illustrate but not limit theclaimed invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that thevarious elements described and/or shown may be arranged in variouscombinations and configurations without departing from the scope of thedisclosure. The detailed description and drawings illustrate examples ofthe claimed invention.

Definitions of certain terms are provided below and shall be applied,unless a different definition is given in the claims or elsewhere inthis specification.

All numeric values are herein assumed to be modified by the term“about,” whether or not explicitly indicated. The term “about” generallyrefers to a range of numbers that one of skill in the art would considerequivalent to the recited value (i.e., having the same or substantiallythe same function or result). In many instances, the terms “about” mayinclude numbers that are rounded to the nearest significant figure.Other uses of the term “about” (i.e., in a context other than numericvalues) may be assumed to have their ordinary and customarydefinition(s), as understood from and consistent with the context of thespecification, unless otherwise specified.

The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numberswithin that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4,and 5).

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singularforms “a,” “an,” and “the” include or otherwise refer to singular aswell as plural referents, unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term “or” isgenerally employed to include “and/or,” unless the content clearlydictates otherwise.

It is noted that references in the specification to “an embodiment”,“some embodiments”, “other embodiments”, “an example”, “some examples”,“other examples”, etc., indicate that the embodiment(s) and/orexample(s) described may include a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include theparticular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrasesare not necessarily referring to the same embodiment and/or example.Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic isdescribed in connection with an embodiment and/or example, it would bewithin the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature,structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments and/orexamples, whether or not explicitly described, unless clearly stated tothe contrary. That is, the various individual features described below,even if not explicitly shown in a particular combination, arenevertheless contemplated as being combinable or able to be arrangedwith each other to form other additional embodiments and/or examples orto complement and/or enrich the described embodiment(s) and/orexample(s), as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating an exemplary staple 100 inaccordance with the present disclosure. Although the various parts ofexemplary staple 100 are depicted in relative proportion to other partsof staple 100, other configurations in size and orientation of thevarious parts are also contemplated in other examples. A number ofreference directions are illustrated using arrows in FIG. 1 to assist inunderstanding the details of staple 100. The illustrated directionsinclude: proximal direction P, distal direction D, first laterallyoutward direction LOA, second laterally outward direction LOB, firstlaterally inward direction LIA, and second laterally inward directionLIB.

In some examples, staple 100 comprises first arm 102A, second arm 102B,and bridge 104. Bridge 104 may abut, or extend from or adjacent to, theproximal end of first arm 102A to the proximal end of second arm 102B.First arm 102A may include first trunk 106A, with first trunk 106Agenerally having a greater width than the rest of first arm 102A asdepicted in FIG. 1 . In some examples, first arm 102A may also includenon-trunk portion 105A. The length of first trunk 106A relative to theoverall length of first arm 102A can vary in different examples. Forinstance, first trunk 106A can extend for the entire length of first arm102A such that bridge 104 abuts with or is adjacent to first trunk 106A.In other examples, first arm 102A may not include first trunk 106A. Thatis, first arm 102A may not have a portion with a greater width than therest of first arm 102A. In such examples, first arm 102A may still havenon-trunk portion 105A.

Similarly, second arm 102B may include second trunk 106B, with secondtrunk 106B generally having a greater width than the rest of second arm102B. Additionally, second trunk 106B may extend for at least a portionof second arm 102B. A distal portion of second arm 102B may abut theproximal end of second trunk 106B and second arm 102B may furtherinclude non-trunk portion 105B. As with first trunk 106A, second trunk106B may extend along second arm 102B for varying lengths. Additionally,in some examples, second arm 102B may not have a portion with a greaterwidth than the rest of second arm 102B. In FIG. 1 , first trunk 106A andsecond trunk 106B are shown extending distally from a proximal portionof first arm 102A and second arm 102B, respectively.

In the example of FIG. 1 , first trunk 106A has a lateral extent, orcross sectional area, that is larger than a lateral extent of thenon-trunk portion 105A of first arm 102A and bridge 104. Staple 100 mayinclude a first change in lateral stiffness 108A disposed where thedistal end of non-trunk portion 105A of first arm 102A abuts first trunk106A. As depicted, the change in stiffness is abrupt, but can be gradualin alternative examples—such as through a gradual change in lateralextent between first trunk 106A and non-trunk portion 105A. In anexample where first trunk 106A extends for the full length of the firstarm 102A, the change in stiffness may occur where first trunk 106A abutsbridge 104. With reference to the example of FIG. 1 , it will beappreciated that first trunk 106A is mounted eccentrically to first arm102A and second trunk 106B is mounted eccentrically to second arm 102B.As with first trunk 106A, second trunk 106B has a lateral extent, orcross sectional area that is larger than a lateral extent of second arm102B or bridge 104. Staple 100 may include a second change in lateralstiffness 108B where the distal end of second arm 102B abuts secondtrunk 106A. Similarly to first arm 102A, in some examples the change instiffness may be abrupt or gradual. If second trunk 106B extends for theentire length of second arm 102B, the change in stiffness may occur atthe abutment with bridge 104. In additional examples where there may beno change in lateral extent between first and second trunks 106A, 106Band first and second arms 102A, 102B, a change in stiffness may beaccomplished by the use of different materials for first and secondtrunks 106A, 106B and first and second arms 102A, 102B.

Some examples of staple 100 may include at least a first projection122A, 122C and a second projection 122B, 122D, on each of first trunk106A and second trunk 106B, respectively. First projection 122A, 122C oneach trunk 106A, 106B may further include first proximal surface 124A,124C extending away from each trunk in a first direction, such as outand away from each opposite trunk 106A, 106B. The first direction may bea direction such that first proximal surface 124A, 124C will engage withtissue or bone after the trunk is inserted therein and by naturalmovement of the tissue or bone. In some examples, a pullout force may beapplied to bridge 104 to further engage first proximal surface 124A,124C with bone or tissue. The natural movement of the bone or tissue orthe pullout force creates a first moment centered on the area of reducedstiffness adjacent each trunk, tending to rotate each trunk thereabout.The rotation of each trunk may further provide a greater holding forceof staple 100 in bone or tissue. Second projection 122B, 122D mayinclude second proximal surface 124B, 124D extending away from eachtrunk in a second direction, different from the first direction, such asinward, toward the opposite trunk. For example, the second direction maybe selected such that second proximal surfaces 124B, 124D will engagetissue or bone after each trunk is inserted therein and by naturalmovement of the tissue or bone. In some examples, a pullout force may beapplied to bridge 104. A slit or area of reduced cross section in thetrunk adjacent the second projections provide an area of weakness sothat a second moment is applied to the trunk in response to naturalmovement of the tissue or bone and/or to a pullout force on bridge 104.This moment causes rotation of the trunk about the area of weakness andincreases the holding force of staple 100.

As illustrated in the example of staple 100 in FIG. 1 , first trunk 106Aincludes a first projection 122A disposed at an outer side of trunk 106Aand a second projection 122B disposed at an inner side of the trunk.First projection 122A includes a first proximal surface 124A extendingaway from first trunk 106A in a first direction. With reference to FIG.1 , it will be appreciated that the first direction has an outwardlateral component and a proximal component so that first proximalsurface 124A extends outwardly and proximally away from first trunk106A. For example, the first direction may be selected such that firstproximal surface 124A will engage tissue or bone proximate the outerside of first trunk 106A after being inserted therein so that a firstmoment is applied to the trunk in response to natural movement of thetissue or bone and/or to a pullout force on bridge 104. The momentcenters on the arm portion of lesser stiffness adjacent the firstprojection.

In the example of FIG. 1 , first trunk 106A includes a first localizedarea of weakness 120A disposed proximate second projection 122B. Secondprojection 122B includes a second proximal surface 124B extending awayfrom first trunk 106A in a second direction. The second direction isselected such that second proximal surface 124A will engage tissue orbone proximate the inner side of first trunk 106A when inserted thereinso that a second moment is applied to the trunk in response to naturalmovement of the tissue or bone and/or a pullout force on bridge 104. Themoment centers around the area of weakness 120A. The second moment has adirection that is generally opposite a direction of the first moment. Itwill be appreciated that the second direction has an inward lateralcomponent and a proximal component so that second proximal surface 124Bextends inwardly and proximally away from first trunk 106A. In otherexamples, first arm 102A may not include second projection 122B. In suchexamples, only a first moment may be applied to first trunk 106A inresponse to natural movement of the tissue or bone and/or a pulloutforce on bridge 104.

Second trunk 106B includes a third projection 122C disposed at an outerside of second trunk 106B and a fourth projection 122D disposed at aninner side of the trunk. In the example of FIG. 1 , third projection122C includes a third proximal surface 124C extending away from secondtrunk 106B in a third direction. With reference to FIG. 1 , it will beappreciated that the third direction has an outward lateral componentand a proximal component so that third proximal surface 124C extendsoutwardly and proximally away from second trunk 106B. The thirddirection is selected such that third proximal surface 124C will engagetissue or bone proximate the outer side of second trunk 106B wheninserted therein so that a third moment is applied to the trunk inresponse to natural movement of the tissue or bone and/or a pulloutforce on bridge 104.

In the example of FIG. 1 , second trunk 106B includes a second localizedarea of weakness 120B disposed proximate fourth projection 122D. Fourthprojection 122D includes a fourth proximal surface 124D extending awayfrom second trunk 106B in a fourth direction. In the example of FIG. 1 ,the fourth direction is selected such that second proximal surface 124Awill engage tissue or bone proximate the inner side of second trunk 106Bwhen inserted therein so that a fourth moment is applied to the trunk inresponse to natural movement of the tissue or bone and/or a pulloutforce on bridge 104. The fourth moment has a direction that is generallyopposite a direction of the third moment. It will be appreciated thatthe fourth direction has an inward lateral component and a proximalcomponent so that fourth proximal surface 124D extends inwardly andproximally away from second trunk 106B. In other examples, second arm102B may not include second projection 122D. In such examples, only afirst moment may be applied to second trunk 106B in in response tonatural movement of the tissue or bone and/or a pullout force on bridge104.

As depicted in FIG. 1 , the staple 100 includes proximal projectionsthat extend away from or outward from the bridge 104, while the distalprojections extend inward or toward the center of the bridge 104. Thiscreates generally opposing forces in response to tension on the bridgewhich, in combination with areas of weakness or reduced lateral extent,substantially increases the holding force of the staple in bone as thedifferent portions of the trunks tend to rotate in opposite directionsand apply force to an opposing wall in the hole in bone in which thestaple is positioned. It is however, understood that otherconfigurations of the projections are possible. In some examples, onlytwo projections are included and they extend in different directions tocause different force responses as tension is applied to the bridge.Additional examples may include varying numbers of projections whichproduce one or more moments in each of arms 102A, 102B.

In some examples, each projection of staple 100 may be clefted to form aplurality of points for greater retention in tissue. In the example ofFIG. 1 , first projection 122A of first trunk 106A defines a first notch126A that divides first projection 122A into a first sub-projection anda second sub-projection. Second projection 122B of second trunk 106Bdefines a second notch 126B. In the example of FIG. 1 , second notch126B divides second projection 122B into a first sub-projection and asecond sub-projection. Third projection 122C of second trunk 106Bdefines a third notch 126C that divides third projection 122C into afirst sub-projection and a second sub-projection. Fourth projection 122Dof second trunk 106B defines a fourth notch 126D that divides fourthprojection 122D into a first sub-projection and a second sub-projection.

With continued reference to FIG. 1 and further reference to FIGS. 2 and3 , first trunk 106A defines a first cavity 128A and second trunk 106Bdefines a second cavity 128B. In the examples of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 ,first cavity 128A extends into first trunk 106A and second cavity 128Bextends into second trunk 106B. The cavity is sized to cooperate with astaple delivery device for holding and inserting the staple into tissueor bone, as later described in detail herein. In summary, the stapledelivery device includes longitudinally extending stakes that fit withinthe cavities 128A, 128B to hold the staple 100 and push it into positionin the tissue as the stake abuts a portion of its respective trunk. Insome examples the cavity may extend through a portion of the length ofeach trunk, as best depicted in FIG. 2 which indicates the distal end ofthe staple 100 is closed. Alternatively, first cavity 128A and secondcavity 128B may extend through the entire length of each trunk 106A,106B or other portions of staple 100 in some examples. As illustrated bythe top view of the staple 100 in FIG. 3 , first cavity 128A and secondcavity 128B each have a generally rectangular or square cross-sectionalshape to cooperate with a similarly shaped cross section on a stapledelivery device. However, that first cavity 128A and second cavity 128Bmay have various cross-sectional shapes to cooperate with alternativestaple delivery device designs without deviating from the spirit andscope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is an alternative perspective view of example staple 100 depictedin FIG. 1 . In particular, FIG. 4 illustrates in phantom the flexing andbending of the trunks 106A and 106B after implant in response to naturalmovement of the tissue or bone and/or to tension applied to the bridge.

The combination of projections, areas of weakness and changes in lateralextent described with respect to FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 provide desiredflexing, bending and rotating of the trunk in response to naturalmovement of the tissue or bone and/or to pull out forces on bridge 104.Together the various components of staple 100 act as tissue retentionmembers. An exemplary deflected shape is shown with dashed lines in FIG.4 . Forces applied to staple 100 in response to natural movement of thetissue or bone and/or pullout forces applied to bridge 104 may urgestaple 100 to assume the deflected shape shown in FIG. 4 . In someadditional examples, distally directed forces may be applied on staple100 using, for example, the staple delivery system shown later anddescribed herein. In some applications, the staple delivery tool may beused to urge first projection 122A and third projection 122C intoorientations which lock staple 100 into a target tissue. For example,first projection 122A and third projection 122C may be rotated so thatthese projections engage the target tissue. When this is the case,tension extending through bridge 104 of staple 100 may keep firstprojection 122A and third projection 122C in the rotated position. Alsowhen this is the case, the projections may inhibit staple pullout.Further, rotation of any projection causes a rotational force andimparts, within limits defined by the hole in the bone, some rotation toan adjacent portion of the trunk which contacts or engages the wall ofthe hole in the bone. Increased pullout forces, such as by naturalmovement of the tissue or bone and/or pullout forces applied to bridge104, may result in increasing holding force with this design.

Next referring to FIG. 5 , an exemplary use or application of thestaples of the present disclosure is described. FIG. 5 is a stylizedanterior view of a patient 20. For purposes of illustration, a shoulder22 of patient 20 is shown in cross-section in FIG. 5 . Shoulder 22includes a humerus 14 and a scapula 12. In FIG. 5 , a head 24 of humerus14 can be seen mating with a glenoid fossa of scapula 12 at aglenohumeral joint. With reference to FIG. 5 , it will be appreciatedthat the glenoid fossa comprises a shallow depression in scapula 12. Themovement of humerus 14 relative to scapula 12 is controlled by a numberof muscles including: the deltoid, the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus,the subscapularis, and the teres minor. For purposes of illustration,only the supraspinatus 26 is shown in FIG. 5 .

With reference to FIG. 5 , a distal tendon 28 of the supraspinatus 26meets humerus 14 at an insertion point. Scapula 12 of shoulder 22includes an acromium 32. In FIG. 5 , a subacromial bursa 34 is shownextending between acromium 32 of scapula 12 and head 24 of humerus 14.Subacromial bursa 34 is shown overlaying supraspinatus 26 as well assupraspinatus tendon 28 and a portion of humerus 14. Subacromial bursa34 is one of the hundreds of bursae found the human body. Each bursacomprises a fluid filled sac. The presence of these bursae in the bodyreduces friction between bodily tissues.

The exemplary staples or fasteners described herein may be used to affixtendon repair implants to various target tissues. The shoulder depictedin FIG. 5 is one example where a tendon repair implant may be affixed toone or more bones associated with an articulating joint, such as theglenohumeral joint. Additionally, the tendon repair implant may beaffixed to one or more tendons to be treated. The tendons to be treatedmay be torn, partially torn, have internal micro-tears, be untorn,and/or be thinned due to age, injury or overuse. The methods andapparatus of the present disclosure and related devices may providebeneficial therapeutic effect on a patient experiencing joint painbelieved to be caused by partial thickness tears and/or internalmicro-tears. By applying a tendon-repair implant early before a fulltear or other injury develops, the implant may cause the tendon tothicken and/or at least partially repair itself, thereby avoiding moreextensive joint damage, pain, and the need for more extensive jointrepair surgery.

FIG. 6 is a stylized anterior view of a shoulder 22 including a humerus14 and a scapula 12. In FIG. 6 , a head 24 of humerus 14 is shown matingwith a glenoid fossa of scapula 12 at a glenohumeral joint. Asupraspinatus 26 is also shown in FIG. 6. This muscle, along withothers, controls the movement of humerus 14 relative to scapula 12. Adistal tendon 28 of supraspinatus 26 meets humerus 14 at an insertionpoint 30.

As depicted in FIG. 6 , distal tendon 28 includes a first damagedportion 36. A number of loose tendon fibers 40 in first damaged portion36 are visible in FIG. 6 . First damaged portion 36 includes a firsttear 42 extending partially through distal tendon 28. First tear 42 maytherefore be referred to as a partial thickness tear. With reference toFIG. 6 , first tear 42 begins on the side of distal tendon 28 facing thesubacromial bursa (shown in the previous Figure) and ends midway throughdistal tendon 28. Accordingly, first tear 42 may be referred to as abursal side tear.

With reference to FIG. 6 , distal tendon 28 includes a second damagedportion 38 located near insertion point 30. As illustrated, seconddamaged portion 38 of distal tendon 28 has become frayed and a number ofloose tendon fibers 40 are visible. Second damaged portion 38 of distaltendon 28 includes second tear 44. Second tear 44 begins on the side ofdistal tendon 28 facing the center of the humeral head 24. Accordingly,second damaged portion 38 may be referred to as an articular side tear.

FIG. 6 illustrates sheet-like implant 50 has been placed over the bursalside of distal tendon 28. Sheet-like implant 50 is affixed to distaltendon 28 by a plurality of tendon staples 51. Sheet-like implant 50 isaffixed to humerus 14 by one or more bone staples 100 in accordance withdesigns of staples disclosed herein. Sheet-like implant 50 extends overinsertion point 30, first tear 42 and second tear 44. Some methods inaccordance with this disclosure may include placing a tendon repairimplant on the bursal side of a tendon regardless of whether the tearsbeing treated are on the bursal side, articular side or within thetendon. In some cases the exact location and nature of the tears beingtreated may be unknown. A tendon repair implant may be applied to thebursal side of a tendon to treat shoulder pain that is most likelycaused by one or more partial thickness tears in the tendon.

FIG. 7 is a stylized perspective view showing a portion of the body 82of a human patient 20. Body 82 includes a shoulder 22. In the example ofFIG. 7 , a plurality of cannulas are positioned to access a treatmentsite within shoulder 22. In some cases, shoulder 22 may be inflated bypumping a continuous flow of saline through shoulder 22 to create acavity proximate the treatment site. The cannulas shown in FIG. 7include a first cannula 80A, a second cannula 80B and a third cannula80C.

In FIG. 7 , a sagital plane SP and a frontal plane FP are shownintersecting body 82. Sagital plane SP and frontal plane FP intersectone another at a medial axis MA of body 82.

With reference to FIG. 7 , sagital plane SP bisects body 82 into a rightside 84 and a left side 86. Also with reference to FIG. 7 , frontalplane FP divides body 82 into an anterior portion 92 and a posteriorportion 88. Sagital plane SP and a frontal plane FP are generallyperpendicular to one another. These planes and portions are used todescribe the procedures used in various examples.

First cannula 80A is accessing a treatment site within shoulder 22 usinga lateral approach in which first cannula 80A pierces the outer surfaceof right side 84 of body 82. The term lateral approach could also beused to describe situations in which an instrument pierces the outersurface of left side 86 of body 82. Second cannula 80B is accessing atreatment site within shoulder 22 using a posterior approach in whichsecond cannula 80B pierces the outer surface of posterior portion 88 ofbody 82. Third cannula 80C is accessing a treatment site within shoulder22 using an anterior approach in which third cannula 80C pierces theouter surface of anterior portion 92 of body 82.

FIG. 8 is a stylized perspective view illustrating an exemplaryprocedure for treating a shoulder 22 of a patient 20. The procedureillustrated in FIG. 8 may include, for example, fixing tendon repairimplants to one or more tendons of shoulder 22. The tendons treated maybe torn, partially torn, have internal micro-tears, be untorn, and/or bethinned due to age, injury or overuse.

Shoulder 22 of FIG. 8 has been inflated to create a cavity therein. Afluid supply 52 is pumping a continuous flow of saline into the cavity.This flow of saline exits the cavity via a fluid drain 54. A camera 56provides images from inside the cavity. The images provided by camera 56may be viewed on a display 58.

Camera 56 may be used to visually inspect the tendons of shoulder 22 fordamage. A tendon repair implant in accordance with this disclosure maybe affixed to a bursal surface of the tendon regardless of whether thereare visible signs of tendon damage.

An implant delivery system 60 can be seen extending from shoulder 22 inFIG. 8 . Implant delivery system 60 is extending through a first cannula80A. In certain examples, first cannula 80A can access a treatment sitewithin shoulder 22 using a lateral approach in which first cannula 80Apierces the outer surface of a right side of the patient's body. In somecases a physician may choose not to use a cannula in conjunction withimplant delivery system 60. In such examples, the implant deliverysystem may be advanced through tissue. Implant delivery system 60comprises a sheath that is affixed to a handle. The sheath defines alumen and a distal opening fluidly communicating with the lumen. In theexample of FIG. 8 , the distal opening of the sheath has been placed influid communication with the cavity created in shoulder 22.

A tendon repair implant is at least partially disposed in the lumendefined by the sheath of implant delivery system 60. Implant deliverysystem 60 can be used to place the tendon repair implant inside shoulder22. In some examples, the tendon repair implant is folded into a compactconfiguration when inside the lumen of the sheath. When this is thecase, implant delivery system 60 may be used to unfold the tendon repairimplant into an expanded shape. Additionally, implant delivery system 60can be used to hold the tendon repair implant against the tendon.

The tendon repair implant may be affixed to the tendon while it is heldagainst the tendon by implant delivery system 60. Various attachmentelements may be used to fix the tendon-repair implant to the tendon.Examples of attachment elements that may be suitable in someapplications include sutures, tissue anchors, bone anchors, and staples.In the example of FIG. 8 , the shaft of a fixation tool 70 is shownextending into shoulder 22. In some examples, fixation tool 70 iscapable of fixing the tendon repair implant to the tendon and bone withone or more staples of the present disclosure while the tendon repairimplant may be held against the tendon by implant delivery system 60.

FIG. 9 is a stylized perspective view of a shoulder 22 including asupraspinatus 26 having a distal tendon 28. With reference to FIG. 9 , atendon repair implant 50 has been affixed to a surface of distal tendon28. Tendon repair implant 50 may comprise, for example, varioussheet-like structures without deviating from the spirit and scope of thepresent detailed description. In some examples, the sheet-like structuremay comprise a plurality of fibers. The fibers may be interlinked withone another. When this is the case, the sheet-like structure maycomprise a plurality of apertures comprising the interstitial spacesbetween fibers. Various processes may be used to interlink the fiberswith one another. Examples of processes that may be suitable in someapplications including weaving, knitting, and braiding. In someexamples, the sheet-like structure may comprise a laminate includingmultiple layers of film with each layer of film defining a plurality ofmicro-machined or formed holes. The sheet-like structure of the tendonrepair implant may also comprise a reconstituted collagen materialhaving a porous structure. Additionally, the sheet-like structure of thetendon repair implant may also comprise a plurality of electro-spunnanofiber filaments forming a composite sheet. Additionally, thesheet-like structure may comprise a synthetic sponge material thatdefines a plurality of pores. The sheet-like structure may also comprisea reticulated foam material. Reticulated foam materials that may besuitable in some applications are available from Biomerix Corporation ofFremont, California which identifies these materials using the trademarkBIOMATERIAL™. The sheet-like structure may be circular, oval, oblong,square, rectangular, or other shape configured to suit the targetanatomy.

In the examples of FIG. 9 , sheet-like implant 50 is affixed to distaltendon 28 by a plurality of tendon staples 51. Sheet-like implant 50 isaffixed to humerus 14 by a plurality of bone staples 100 as describedwith respect to the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 and detailedthroughout this disclosure. However, in other examples, as describedpreviously, various attachment elements may be used to fix tendon repairimplant 50 to distal tendon 28 without deviating from the spirit andscope of this detailed description. Example attachment elements that maybe suitable in some applications include sutures, tissue anchors, boneanchors, and staples.

In some exemplary methods, a plurality of staples may be applied using afixation tool. After the staples are applied, the fixation tool may bewithdrawn from the body of the patient. Distal tendon 28 meets humerus14 at an insertion point 30. With reference to FIG. 9 , it will beappreciated that sheet-like implant 50 extends over insertion point 30.Tendon repair implant may be applied to distal tendon 28, for example,using the procedure illustrated in the previous figures. In variousexamples, staples may straddle the perimeter edge of the sheet-likeimplant (as shown in FIG. 9 ), may be applied adjacent to the perimeter,and/or be applied to a central region of the implant. In some examples,the staples may be used to attach the implant to soft tissue and/or tobone.

Staples or fasteners 100, as exemplified in FIG. 1 and described andillustrated herein can be used to attach tissue and implants to bone. Inat least some embodiments, the staple is generally flexible and includesareas of relative lateral weakness on the trunks and can further includean increase in flexibility at the transition from the trunk to thenon-trunk portion of the arm or the transition from the trunk to thebridge. As described above, these areas of increased flexibility provideimproved staple retention as these portions allow flexing and bending inresponse to increasing pullout forces. With this flexibility, thefasteners cannot be pounded or driven into bone or other tissue as aconventional hard staple would be driven into paper, wood, tissue orbone. Therefore, for application of the staple of the present disclosureto affixing tissue or implants to bone, the staple is generally includedin a kit that also includes a staple delivery device 200 and variousinserts, including pilot hole forming insert assembly 270 and stapledelivery insert assembly 290 as disclosed herein.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are schematic illustrations depicting two perspectiveviews of staple delivery device 200. As used herein to describe variousfeatures of staple delivery device 200, the proximal direction isrepresented by arrow P in FIGS. 10A and 10B, and the distal direction isrepresented by arrow D in FIGS. 10A and 10B. In general, staple deliverydevice 200 comprises handle assembly 201, sheath 203, and positionretention members 204. Sheath 203 may be a hollow tube and be configuredto receive one or more inserts into its lumen, as described with respectto later figures. Position retention members 204 may be affixed to thedistal end of sheath 203. Handle assembly 201 may generally comprisetrigger handle 205 and housing 207.

FIG. 11 is another exemplary schematic illustration which depicts stapledelivery device 200 in an exploded configuration. Internally, stapledelivery device 200 may include spring 211 and insert connector assembly213. Generally, insert connector assembly 213 may comprise insertconnector 213A, connector rods 213B, and cam follower 213C. Insertconnector 213A and cam follower 213C may further include openings 215and 217, respectively. Insert connector 213A may be positioned withrespect to sheath 203 such that when sheath 203 receives an insert, theproximal end of the insert is disposed proximate or abuts insertconnector 213A. Spring 211 is connected to housing 207 and cam follower213C. Spring 211 presses cam follower 213C into trigger handle 205,which biases trigger handle 205 to a rest position. In some examples,housing 207 may comprise two halves 207A and 207B. In differentexamples, halves 207A and 207B may be connected together by variousmeans. In the example of FIG. 11 , halves 207A and 207B are connected byscrews 209 (only a single screw is shown). However, in other examples,halves 207A and 207B may be connected by glue, rivets, a friction fit,or other means. As evidenced in FIG. 11 , trigger handle 205 mayadditionally include opening 219.

Generally, components of staple delivery device 200 may be made from anyrigid material. For example, in different examples, staple deliverydevice may be made from any of a variety of different metals or metalalloys. Some example metals include the various alloys of stainlesssteel. In other examples, staple delivery device 200 may be constructedfrom plastic. In such examples, the plastic may generally be rigid andresist deformation. Some example plastics include polymers such as Nylon12, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT),Polyamide 12, Polyether block amide (PEbax) 7233, Pebax 7033, PTFE,Polyaryletherketones (PEEK), Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO), high densitypolyethylene (HDPE) and the like. In still other examples, stapledelivery device may be constructed from Ixef® plastics, which generallyinclude glass fiber reinforcement in addition to one or more polymers.In still other examples, some portions of staple delivery device 200 maybe constructed from plastic, such as housing 207, insert connectorassembly 213, and trigger handle 205, and other portions of stapledelivery device 200 may be constructed from metal, such as sheath 203.Of course, in other examples, other combinations of components of stapledelivery device 200 may be made from plastic and metal.

FIG. 12 is another internal view of staple delivery device 200 depictingtrigger handle 205 at the rest position. FIG. 12 more clearly shows theconfiguration of spring 211 with respect to cam follower 213C andtrigger handle 205.

FIG. 13 is a further schematic illustration of staple delivery device200. FIG. 13 depicts how sheath 203, trigger handle 205, and insertconnector assembly 213 are disposed together within staple deliverydevice 200. When assembled, as seen in FIG. 13 , sheath 203 may bedisposed through openings 215, 217 of insert connector 213A and camfollower 213C, respectively, and opening 219 of trigger handle 205.

As described previously, when sheath 203 has received an insert, theproximal end of the insert may be disposed proximate or abut insertconnector assembly 213, and more specifically insert connector 213A.When force is applied in the proximal direction to trigger handle 205,the applied force is transferred to insert connector 213A through camfollower 213C and connector rods 213B. The transferred force causesinsert connector 213A to translate in the proximal direction, therebyapplying force in the proximal direction to the proximal end of thereceived insert. The applied force on the received insert thereby causesthe received insert to move in the proximal direction. After squeezingtrigger handle 205 to initially move a received insert in the proximaldirection, a user may then grasp the proximal end of the received insertto remove the insert from the lumen of sheath 203.

In some examples, various forces may be attempting to retain thereceived insert in sheath 203. For example, as will be described withrespect to later figures, at least one insert may have one or moremembers (e.g. pilot hole forming members) configured to pierce tissue orbone. Due to the physical makeup of the tissue or bone, the tissue orbone may apply squeezing forces to the one or more members, therebycausing the tissue or bone to retain the one or more members. In suchexamples, the actions of trigger handle 205 and insert connectorassembly 213 may provide mechanical means for removing the one or moremembers from the retaining forces of the tissue or bone. Such mechanicalmeans may be easier for a user than grasping at the proximal end of thereceived insert and attempting to pull the one or more retaining membersout of the tissue or bone.

In some examples, the force required to remove the one or more membersfrom tissue or bone may be above what a user is comfortably able toapply to trigger handle 205. Accordingly, staple delivery device 200 mayemploy mechanical advantage to multiply or otherwise increase the forceapplied by a user of staple delivery device 200. FIGS. 14-17 depict theinternal workings of staple delivery device 200, which may operate tomultiply or otherwise increase the force applied to trigger handle 205and transfer the increased force onto the proximal end of a receivedinsert. FIGS. 14-17 all have various components of staple deliverydevice 200 removed for easier viewing of the described components.

In addition to showing the internal components of staple delivery device200, FIG. 12 shows trigger handle 205 in the rest position. That is, noforce is being applied to trigger handle 205 in the proximal direction,and spring 211 is biasing trigger handle 205 in the rest position.Spring 211 biases trigger handle 205 to the rest position by applyingforce to cam follower 213C in the distal direction which, in turn,applies force in the distal direction to trigger handle 205.

FIG. 14 , then, is an example schematic of staple delivery device 200after force has been applied in the proximal direction to trigger handle205 sufficient to overcome the biasing force of spring 211. As can beseen in the differences between FIG. 12 and FIG. 14 , trigger handle 205is rotatably attached to housing assembly 201 at rotation point 231. Insuch an example, applying a force to trigger handle 205 in the proximaldirection, as indicated by arrow F, may cause trigger handle 205 torotate about rotation point 231 in the proximal direction. Additionally,as can be seen FIG. 14 , cam follower 213C comprises protrusion 233 andflat portion 235. In the rest position, protrusion 233 of cam follower213C is in contact with trigger handle 205, while flat portion 235 isnot in contact with trigger handle 205. As trigger handle initiallyrotates in response to an applied force, trigger handle 205 pushes onprotrusion 233. The force applied to protrusion 233 is then transferredto insert connector 213A through connector rods 213B. The transferredforce on insert connector 213A causes insert connector 213A to translatein the proximal direction, as is evidenced by a portion of insertconnector 213A extending beyond the proximal end of housing 207 in FIG.14 .

FIG. 15 depicts some of the internal components of staple deliverydevice 200 when the internal components are at a transition point. Ascan be seen in FIG. 15 , and in contrast to FIG. 14 , both protrusion233 and flat portion 235 of cam follower 213C contact trigger handle205. FIG. 15 further depicts initial positions 241, 247 and transitionpositions 243, 249 of trigger handle 205 and insert connector 213A,respectively. As can be seen, first translation distance 245 of triggerhandle 205 with respect to initial position 241 and transition position243 is greater than first translation distance 251 of insert connector213A with respect to initial position 247 and transition position 249.The displacement ranges of trigger 205 from initial position 241 up totransition position 243 correspond to a first range of displacementswhere staple delivery device 200 is operating in a first mechanicaladvantage stage.

In the first mechanical advantage stage, the force applied to triggerhandle 205, such as by a user, may be multiplied between two and sixtimes as the applied force is transferred to insert connector 213A dueto the action of trigger handle 205 pressing against cam follower 213C,and more specifically protrusion 233 of cam follower 213C. In someexamples, the force applied to trigger handle 205 may be multiplied byfour times and transferred to connector 213A. The multiplication of theforce applied to trigger handle 205 in this first mechanical advantagestage, and correspondingly to a proximal end of a received insert, mayhelp to remove any members of a received insert that are embedded intissue or bone.

FIG. 16 depicts some of the internal components of staple deliverydevice 200 after trigger handle 205 has been rotated past the transitionpoint depicted in FIG. 15 . In FIG. 16 , in contrast to FIGS. 14 and 15, only flat portion 235 of cam follower 213C contacts trigger handle205. As force is continued to be applied to trigger handle 205, triggerhandle 205 will continue to rotate about rotation point 231 until insertconnector 213A presses against housing 207, as depicted in FIG. 17 .

FIG. 17 depicts some of the internal components of staple deliverydevice 200 when the internal components are at a stop point. In thedepiction of FIG. 17 , trigger handle 205 may not be rotated any moreabout rotation point 231 as insert connector 213A is in contact withhousing 207 along housing edge 208. FIG. 17 further depicts initialpositions 241, 247, transition positions 243, 249, and stop positions253, 257 of trigger handle 205 and insert connector 213A, respectively.The displacement ranges of trigger handle 205 from transition position243 up to stop position 253 correspond to a second range ofdisplacements where staple delivery device 200 is operating in a secondmechanical advantage stage.

In the second mechanical advantage stage, the force applied to triggerhandle 205, such as by a user, may be multiplied between one and fourtimes as the force is transferred to insert connector 213A, andultimately a proximal end of a received insert, due to the action oftrigger handle 205 pressing against cam follower 213C, and morespecifically flat portion 235 of cam follower 213C. Generally, theamount of force multiplication in the second mechanical advantage stagemay be less than the amount of force multiplication in the firstmechanical advantage stage. As another way to relate the two mechanicaladvantage stages, during the first mechanical advantage stage, the forceapplied to insert connector 213A may be between two and four times theforce applied to insert connector 213A during the second mechanicaladvantage stage for a given force applied to trigger handle 205. In atleast some examples, during the first mechanical advantage stage, theforce applied to insert connector 213A may be three times the forceapplied to insert connector 213A during the second mechanical advantagestage, for a given force applied to trigger handle 205.

While during the first mechanical advantage stage the force multiplieris generally greater than during the second mechanical advantage stage,in some examples, the translation distance of insert connector 213Aduring the first mechanical advantage stage may generally be less thanthe translation distance of insert connector 213A during the secondmechanical advantage stage. This feature can be seen in FIG. 17 wheresecond translation distances 255, 259 of trigger handle 205 and insertconnector 213A, respectively, are generally greater than firsttranslation distances 245, 251. In this manner, staple delivery device200 may operate to multiply force applied to trigger handle 205 yetstill allow for sufficient translation of a received insert to removeany members that are disposed within bone or tissue. This type of actionmay assist a user in removing a received insert from the lumen of sheath203.

In other examples, the values of first translation distances 245, 251relative to second translation distances 255, 257 may be different thanthat described with respect to FIGS. 15-17 . For instance, in someexamples, first translation distances 245, 251 may be equal to secondtranslation distances 255, 257. However, in other examples, firsttranslation distances 245, 251 may be greater than second translationdistances, 255, 257. In some specific examples, first translationdistances 245, 251 may be ninety percent of the total possibletranslation distances of handle 205 and insert connector 213A, which isequal to the addition of first and second translation distances 245 and255 for handle 205 and first and second translation distances 251, 257of insert connector 213A.

In still other examples, the relative values of first translationdistance 245 to second translation distance 255 of handle 205 and firsttranslation distance 251 to second translation distance 257 of insertconnector 213A. For instance, in some examples first translationdistance 245 may be greater than second translation distance 255 yetfirst translation distance 251 may be less than second translationdistance 257. Conversely, in other examples first translation distance245 may be less than second translation distance 255 while firsttranslation distance 251 is greater than second translation distance257.

In accordance with techniques of the present disclosure, a user mayemploy staple delivery device 200 to deploy one or more staples, such asstaples 100, to attach an implant to bone or tissue, as in the exampleprocedure of FIGS. 7-9 . Continuing the example of FIGS. 7-9 , after auser has prepped the implant area and disposed the implant proximate theimplant site, a user may use staple delivery device 200 to deploy one ormore staples to attach the implant to the implant site.

FIG. 18 depicts an example schematic illustration of retention membersheath insert 290. In examples where a user does not use a cannula inconjunction with staple delivery device 200, position retention members204 may catch on tissue as the user maneuvers staple delivery device 200to the implant site and cause unwanted damage to tissue of the patient.In such examples, a user may use insert 290 to prevent positionretention members 204 from catching on tissue.

Insert 290 generally comprises proximal head 292, shaft 293, and distalend 295. When insert 290 is received within sheath 203, shaft 293 may bedisposed within the lumen of sheath 203. Proximal head 292 may bedisposed proximate or abut insert connector assembly 213 and, morespecifically, insert connector 213A. In some examples, proximal head 292may have connecting fins 297 extending lengthwise down insert 290 towarddistal end 295. Connecting fins 297 may additionally have inward facingprotrusions 299. As a user inserts insert 290 into sheath 203, inwardfacing protrusions 299 may slide into grooves 214 of housing 207,securing insert 290 to staple delivery device 200. FIGS. 19 and 20 moreclearly show grooves 214 of housing 207 and how inward facingprotrusions 299 engage with grooves 214. In some examples, when inwardfacing protrusions 299 engage with grooves 214 a gap, such as gap 281,may be left between proximal head 292 and housing 207.

FIG. 21 is a close-up of distal end 295 of insert 290. Attached todistal end 295 of insert 290 is retention member sheath 261. Generally,retention member sheath 261 comprises curved sides 263 and head 265.Curved sides 263 are configured to mate with position retention members204. FIG. 22 depicts position retention members 204 in a close-upfashion. In some examples, position retention members 204 include curvedsides 206. In such examples, curved sides 263 of retention member sheath261 are configured to mate with curved sides 206 of position retentionmembers 204. When insert 290 is received within sheath 203, head 265extends beyond the distal end of position retention members 204. Head265 may come to a point, as depicted in FIG. 19 , but may also comprisecurved surfaces adjacent to the point. When a user inserts stapledelivery device 200 with insert 290 connected into tissue of a patient,head 265 may operate to part cut or uncut tissue. The tissue may thenslide around the curved surfaces of head 265 and along curved surfaces263, allowing the user to advance staple delivery device 200 through thetissue without any portions of staple delivery device 200 catching ontissue. As the user continues to advance staple delivery device 200 intothe patient, tissue may slide along curved surfaces 263 and pastposition retention members 204. In this manner, a user may maneuverstaple delivery device 200 to an implant site without catching positionretention members 204 on tissue of the patient causing unwanted tissuedamage.

Once the user has positioned staple delivery device 200, and morespecifically the distal end of sheath 203, near the implant site, theuser may remove insert 290. As described previously, to remove insert290, a user may squeeze trigger handle 205. The action of the internalcomponents of staple delivery device 200 may cause insert connector 213Ato push against proximal head 292 of insert 290. The force againstproximal head 292 may cause inward facing protrusions 299 to disengagefrom grooves 214. A user may additionally grasp proximally extendedproximal head 292 of insert 290 and completely remove insert 290 fromthe lumen of sheath 203.

In some examples, insert connector 213A may further comprise disengagingmechanism 510, as depicted in FIG. 19 . Disengaging mechanism 510 mayinclude curved surface 512 and ramp 514. When a user squeezes triggerhandle 205, insert connector 213A may move in a proximal direction(toward proximal head 292 as seen in FIG. 20 ). When inward facingprotrusions 299 are engaged in grooves 214 and a user squeezes triggerhandle 205, curved surface 512 may come in contact with inward facingprotrusions 299 as insert connector 213A moves in the proximaldirection. As curved surface 512 contacts inward facing protrusions 299,inward facing protrusions 299 may slide up curved surface 512. As theuser continues to squeeze trigger handle 205, inward facing protrusions299 may continue to slide along disengaging mechanism 510 and begin tocontact ramp 514, as insert connector 213A continues to move in theproximal direction. As inward facing protrusions 299 begin to contactramp 514, inward facing protrusions 299 may begin to slide up ramp 514.The action of both curved surface 512 and ramp 514 may cause inwardfacing protrusions 299 to at least partially lift out of groove 214. Insuch examples, a user may need to apply relatively less force on triggerhandle 205 in order to remove inward facing protrusions 299 from groove214 than if insert connector 213A did not include disengaging mechanism510. In some examples, curved surface 512 and ramp 514 may be positionedon insert connector 213A such that the proximal end of insert connector213A may not begin to press against proximal head 292 of insert 290until inward facing protrusions 299 have at least slid up curved surface512. In other examples, curved surface 512 and ramp 514 may bepositioned on insert connector 213A such that the proximal end of insertconnector 213A may not begin to press against proximal head 292 ofinsert 290 until inward facing protrusions 299 have slid at leastpartially up ramp 514.

Once insert 290 has been removed, the user may insert pilot hole forminginsert 270 into the lumen of sheath 203. FIG. 23 is a schematicillustration of pilot hole forming insert 270. Generally, insert 270 mayappear similar to insert 290 and may have proximal head 271, shaft 273,and distal end 275. However, instead of head 261, insert 270 may haveone or more pilot hole forming members 272 connected to distal end 275.In different examples, pilot hole forming members 272 may take variousdifferent shapes, such as spikes, spears, prongs, or other shapes.Whatever shape pilot hole forming members 272 may take, they maygenerally have pointed distal ends for piercing tissue or bone.

Similarly to insert 290, proximal head 271 may have connecting fins 277extending lengthwise down insert 270 toward distal end 275. Connectingfins 277 may additionally have inward facing protrusions 279. As a userinserts insert 270 into sheath 203, inward facing protrusions 279 mayslide into grooves 214, securing insert 270 to staple delivery device200, as depicted in FIG. 19 with respect to insert 290.

A user may then position pilot hole forming members 272 at a location ofthe implant site adjacent to tissue or bone into which a staple will bedeployed. FIG. 24 is a cross section illustration and depicts theimplant site when sheath 203 with received insert 270 is positioned nearthe implant site. In FIG. 24 , implant 310 can be seen positioned on topof patient tissue 312. Additionally, sheath 203 is positioned adjacentimplant 310 and patient tissue 312 with pilot hole forming members 272extending distally of position retention members 204.

Once the user has positioned pilot hole forming members 272 adjacenttissue or bone at the implant site, the user may apply force to proximalhead 271 in the distal direction. As illustrated in FIGS. 19 and 20 ,when inward facing protrusions 299 are engaged with grooves 214, thereremains a gap, gap 281, between proximal head 292 and housing 207. Asillustrated in FIG. 25 , a similar gap remains when inward facingprotrusions 279 are engaged with grooves 214. As the user applies forceto proximal head 271, inward facing protrusions 279 disengage withgrooves 214 and insert 270 moves in the distal direction. As insert 270moves in the distal direction, pilot hole forming members 272 positionedat the implant site are driven into the tissue or bone. FIG. 25illustrates the position of proximal head 271 with respect to housing207 when insert 270 has been advanced in the proximal direction as faras housing 207 will allow. As depicted, no gap exists between proximalhead 271 and housing 207.

FIG. 26 is another cross section illustration and depicts the positionof pilot hole forming members 272 at the implant site when insert 270has been advanced distally as far as housing 207 will allow. Pilot holeforming members can be seen extending through implant 310 and intopatient tissue 312.

Another feature that staple delivery device may employ and can be seenin FIGS. 24 and 26 is the progressive disclosure of pilot hole formingmembers 272. That is, when inward facing protrusions 279 are engagedwith grooves 214, pilot hole forming members 272 may extend distally atleast partially beyond the distal end of position retention members 204.In some examples, in this initial position of proximal head 271 withrespect to housing 207, pilot hole forming members 272 may extendbetween 0.05 inches (1.27 millimeters) and 0.35 inches (8.89millimeters) beyond the distal end of position retention members 204,and in at least some examples, pilot hole forming members 272 may extend0.083 inches (2.10 millimeters) beyond the distal end of positionretention members 204. As force is applied to proximal head 271, and asinsert 270 progresses distally, pilot hole forming members 272 extendprogressively more beyond the distal end of position retention members204. In FIG. 26 , pilot hole forming members 272 are fully extended. Inthis position, pilot hole forming members 272 may extend between 0.4inches (10.16 millimeters) and 0.65 inches (16.51 millimeters) beyondthe distal end of position retention members 204. One advantage toexamples that include this progressive disclosure feature is that havingless length of pilot hole forming members 272 extending beyond positionretention members 204 in the initial position may help prevent pilothole forming members 272 from bending as force is applied to proximalhead 271. In addition to driving pilot hole forming members 272 intotissue 312, the force applied to proximal head 271 may also driveposition retention members 204 into tissue 312, as can be seen in FIG.26 .

Once the user has fully driven pilot hole forming members 272 intotissue 312, the user may remove insert 270. To remove insert 270, a usermay squeeze trigger handle 205. The action of the internal components ofstaple delivery device 200 may cause insert connector 213A to pushagainst proximal head 271 of insert 270. Although tissue 312 may beapplying squeezing forces to pilot hole forming members 272 which workto retain pilot hole forming members 272 in tissue 312, the forcemultiplication action of staple delivery device 200, as describedpreviously, may assist the user in removing pilot hole forming members272 from tissue 312.

FIG. 27 is another cross section illustration that depicts the implantarea once insert 270 has been removed from staple delivery device 200.FIG. 27 illustrates that even after insert 270 has been removed,position retention members 204 may still remain in tissue 312. Positionretention members 204 may act to maintain sheath 203 in position withrespect to pilot holes 309 left by the pilot hole forming members 272.

Next, a user may insert staple delivery insert 600, as depicted in FIG.28 , into staple delivery device 200. Again, staple delivery insert 600may generally be similar to inserts 290 and 270. For instance, insert600 may be comprised of shaft 602, proximal head 604, and distal end606. However, staple delivery insert 600 may have arms 608 connected todistal end 606 which may retain a staple, such as staple 100. In someexamples, arms 608 may include detents 610, as illustrated in FIG. 29 .Arms 608 may be designed to be received into cavities 128A, 128B ofstaple 100 and retain staple 100 with friction. For instance, when arms608 are received within cavities 128A, 128B of staple 100, detents 610may press against inner surfaces of cavities 128A, 128B, therebyretaining staple 100 to arms 608 by friction. Once staple deliveryinsert 600 is received within sheath 203, a user may then apply force tothe proximal end of staple delivery insert 600. The applied force maydrive arms 610 of the staple delivery device, along with retained staple100, into pilot holes 309. As discussed with respect to FIGS. 1-4 ,natural movement of tissue 312 and/or a pullout force applied to thebridge of staple 100 may act to secure staple 100 within tissue 312.

The user may then remove staple delivery insert 600 from staple deliverydevice 200. Tissue 312 may impart a holding force on staple 100sufficient to overcome the friction force between detents 610 on arms608 of staple delivery insert 600 and staple 100 such that stapledelivery insert 600 may be removed from tissue 312 while staple 100remains in tissue 312, as depicted in FIG. 30 .

Finally, the user may then retract staple delivery device 200 from thepatient and finish the procedure to secure implant 310 to tissue 312 ofthe patient. This may include fixing staple 100 to a tendon of thepatient with one or more fixation devices. Alternatively, implant 310may have already been affixed to the tendon before affixing implant 310to tissue 312.

In light of the above description, it should be understood that otherexamples of staple 100, staple delivery device 200, and inserts 290 and270 that are still within the spirit and scope of the present disclosuremay differ from the specific examples illustrated herein. For instance,in some examples, staple delivery device 200 and inserts 290 and 270 maynot have a progressive disclosure feature. In such examples, grooves 214may be positioned with respect to housing 207 such that when inwardprojecting members 299, 279 engage with groove 214, no gap is leftbetween proximal head 292, 271 and housing 207. Additionally, in otherexamples, inserts 290 and 270 may be secured to housing 207 in a mannerother than with inward projecting members 299, 279 and grooves 214.

Accordingly, it should be generally understood that even though numerouscharacteristics of various embodiments have been set forth in theforegoing description, together with details of the structure andfunction of various embodiments, this detailed description isillustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, especially inmatters of structure and arrangements of parts illustrated by thevarious embodiments to the full extent indicated by the broad generalmeaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.

What is claimed:
 1. A method for deploying a fastener into bone, themethod comprising: positioning a staple delivery device proximate thebone, the staple delivery device comprising: a tubular shaft having aproximal end, a distal end and a lumen extending therethrough; and ahandle assembly coupled to the proximal end of the tubular shaft, thehandle assembly including a housing and a handle rotatably coupled tothe housing at a rotation point; inserting an insert into the lumen ofthe tubular shaft from a proximal end of the housing of the handleassembly, the insert including a first arm and a second arm at a distalend of the insert; applying a force to a proximal end of the insert; andactuating the handle of the handle assembly towards the housing to movethe insert disposed within the lumen of the tubular shaft in a proximaldirection relative to the tubular shaft.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein applying the force to the proximal end of the insert delivers astaple into the bone.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the stapleincludes a first trunk, a second trunk and a bridge extendingtherebetween.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein prior to inserting theinsert into the lumen, the first arm is inserted into a cavity of thefirst trunk and the second arm is inserted into a cavity of the secondtrunk.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the insert includes a proximalhead and an elongate shaft extending distally therefrom, whereininserting the insert into the lumen of the tubular shaft comprisesinserting the elongate shaft into the lumen of the tubular shaft whilethe proximal head is positioned proximal of the housing of the handleassembly.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the handle includes acontact surface in contact with a protrusion of an actuation assemblywithin the housing.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein a contact point inwhich the protrusion contacts the contact surface changes as the handleis rotated.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the protrusion includes aconvex surface in contact with the contact surface of the handle.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein actuating the handle within a firstdisplacement range exerts a first amount of proximally directed force onthe insert and actuating the handle within a second displacement rangeexerts a second amount of proximally directed force on the insert,wherein the first amount of proximally directed force is greater thanthe second amount of proximally directed force.
 10. The method of claim9, wherein the handle is rotated closer to the housing through thesecond displacement range than the first displacement range.
 11. Amethod for deploying a fastener into bone, the method comprising:positioning a staple delivery device proximate the bone, the stapledelivery device comprising: a tubular shaft having a proximal end, adistal end and a lumen extending therethrough; and a handle assemblycoupled to the proximal end of the tubular shaft, the handle assemblyincluding a housing, an actuator within the housing, and a handlerotatably coupled to the housing at a rotation point; inserting aninsert into the lumen of the tubular shaft from a proximal end of thehousing of the handle assembly, the insert comprising: a first arm and asecond arm at a distal end of the insert; and a staple having a firsttrunk, a second trunk and a bridge extending therebetween; wherein thefirst arm is inserted into a cavity of the first trunk and the secondarm is inserted into a cavity of the second trunk; and rotating thehandle about the rotation point.
 12. The method of claim 11, whereinrotating the handle about the rotation point moves the insert disposedwithin the lumen of the tubular shaft.
 13. The method of claim 12,wherein rotating the handle about the rotation point moves the insert ina proximal direction relative to the tubular shaft.
 14. The method ofclaim 11, prior to rotating the handle about the rotation point,applying a force to a proximal end of the insert.
 15. The method ofclaim 11, wherein the handle includes a contact surface in contact withthe actuator within the housing.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein acontact point in which the actuator contacts the contact surface changesas the handle is rotated.
 17. The method of claim 16, whereindisplacement of the handle within a first displacement range exerts afirst amount of proximally directed force on the insert and displacementof the handle within a second displacement range exerts a second amountof proximally directed force on the insert, wherein the first amount ofproximally directed force is greater than the second amount ofproximally directed force.
 18. A method for deploying a fastener intobone, the method comprising: positioning a staple delivery deviceproximate the bone, the staple delivery device comprising: a tubularshaft having a proximal end, a distal end and a lumen extendingtherethrough; and a handle assembly coupled to the proximal end of thetubular shaft, the handle assembly including a housing and a handlerotatably coupled to the housing at a rotation point; inserting aninsert into the lumen of the tubular shaft from a proximal end of thehousing of the handle assembly, the insert comprising: a first arm and asecond arm at a distal end of the insert; and a staple having a firsttrunk, a second trunk and a bridge extending therebetween; wherein thefirst arm is inserted into a cavity of the first trunk and the secondarm is inserted into a cavity of the second trunk; applying a force to aproximal end of the insert to deliver the staple to the bone, the stapledisposed over the first arm and the second arm; and actuating the handleof the handle assembly towards the housing to move the insert disposedwithin the lumen of the tubular shaft in a proximal direction relativeto the tubular shaft.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the insertfurther comprises a proximal head and an elongate shaft extendingdistally therefrom, wherein the elongate shaft is inserted into thelumen of the tubular shaft while the proximal head is positionedproximal of the housing of the handle assembly.
 20. The method of claim18, wherein the handle includes a contact surface in contact with aprotrusion of an actuation assembly within the housing, wherein acontact point in which the protrusion contacts the contact surfacechanges as the handle is actuated.